21 multiple-choice (MCQ / objective) questions from this chapter, in every exam-style shape used in the paper. Every question comes with an explanation along with the answer, so you remember why the option is correct, not just which one it is.
1 Direct Questions
Direct Questions
- 1 markPsychotherapy is best defined as:
(A) a one-time consultation that diagnoses a disorder(B) any conversation between two friends about a personal problem(C) a voluntary relationship between a client and a therapist aimed at solving the client’s psychological problems(D) a course of medicines prescribed for mental illness - 1 markWhich of the following correctly distinguishes empathy from sympathy?
(A) Sympathy involves feeling exactly like the other person; empathy does not(B) Empathy involves both understanding and feeling like the other person, while sympathy is compassion without being able to feel as they do(C) Empathy is a purely intellectual, emotionless understanding(D) Sympathy and empathy mean exactly the same thing in this chapter - 1 markIn the book’s own worked example, a client cannot hold a job and cannot face superiors. A behaviour therapist’s clinical formulation states this problem as:
(A) lack of assertiveness skills and anxiety(B) a chemical imbalance requiring medication(C) an unresolved intrapsychic conflict(D) a deep-rooted childhood trauma - 1 markSystematic desensitisation, used for treating phobias and irrational fears, was introduced by:
(A) Carl Rogers(B) Aaron Beck(C) Wolpe(D) Albert Ellis - 1 markIn RET, the first step, the ABC analysis, stands for:
(A) Antecedent-Behaviour-Change(B) Action-Belief-Change(C) Anxiety-Behaviour-Consequence(D) Antecedent-Belief-Consequence - 1 markSelf-actualisation, the core idea of humanistic-existential therapy, is defined as:
(A) an innate force that moves a person to become more complex, balanced and integrated(B) a symptom of severe mental illness(C) the ability to memorise psychological theories(D) a fixed, unchanging personality trait
2 Assertion-Reason
Assertion-Reason
- 1 markAssertion (A): The therapist’s unconditional positive regard helps the client feel secure enough to disclose difficult feelings.
Reason (R): Unconditional positive regard means the therapist’s positive feeling for the client does not depend on what the client reveals or has done.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.(C) A is true, but R is false.(D) A is false, but R is true. - 1 markAssertion (A): In systematic desensitisation, the client imagines the most frightening situation first.
Reason (R): The hierarchy of anxiety-provoking stimuli is built from least to most anxiety-provoking, and the client starts with the least anxiety-provoking situation.
(A) Both A and R are true, and R is the correct explanation of A.(B) Both A and R are true, but R is not the correct explanation of A.(C) A is true, but R is false.(D) A is false, but R is true.
3 Match the Following
Match the Following
- 1 markMatch the therapist in Column A with the therapy they are associated with in Column B.
Column A: A. Albert Ellis B. Carl Rogers C. Victor Frankl D. Fritz Perls
Column B: i. Gestalt Therapy ii. Rational Emotive Therapy iii. Logotherapy iv. Client-centred Therapy
(A) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i(B) A-iii, B-i, C-ii, D-iv(C) A-ii, B-iv, C-iii, D-i(D) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv - 1 markMatch the behavioural technique in Column A with its example in Column B.
Column A: A. Token economy B. Aversive conditioning C. Differential reinforcement D. Positive reinforcement
Column B: i. Mother makes a favourite dish when homework is done on time ii. A girl is taken to the cinema only if she doesn’t cry/sulk, and ignored if she does iii. An alcoholic is given a mild shock while smelling alcohol iv. Tokens are collected and exchanged for an outing
(A) A-iv, B-iii, C-ii, D-i(B) A-ii, B-i, C-iv, D-iii(C) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii(D) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv - 1 markMatch the term in Column A with its meaning in Column B.
Column A: A. Catharsis B. Core schema C. Reciprocal inhibition D. Cognitive restructuring
Column B: i. Two opposing forces present together, the weaker is inhibited ii. Changing dysfunctional cognitive structures to reduce distress iii. Emotional unburdening during initial sessions iv. A belief-and-action-pattern system formed in childhood
(A) A-i, B-ii, C-iii, D-iv(B) A-iii, B-iv, C-i, D-ii(C) A-iv, B-i, C-ii, D-iii(D) A-ii, B-iii, C-iv, D-i
4 Statement-Based Questions
Statement-Based Questions
- 1 markStatement I: Empathy allows the therapist to understand and feel a client’s situation as if it were their own.
Statement II: Sympathy also allows a person to feel exactly as the other person feels.
(A) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.(B) Both statements are true.(C) Both statements are false.(D) Statement I is false, Statement II is true. - 1 markStatement I: In severe disorders such as schizophrenia, reduction of symptoms is always associated with an improved quality of life.
Statement II: Many patients with severe disorders show negative symptoms such as disinterest and lack of motivation.
(A) Statement I is true, Statement II is false.(B) Statement I is false, Statement II is true.(C) Both statements are true.(D) Both statements are false.
5 Arrange in the Correct Order
Arrange in the Correct Order
- 1 markArrange the three families of psychotherapy in the chronological order in which the chapter says they emerged: (1) Existential therapy (2) Behaviour therapy (3) Psychodynamic therapy
(A) 3, 2, 1(B) 1, 2, 3(C) 3, 1, 2(D) 2, 3, 1
6 Fill in the Blanks
Fill in the Blanks
- 1 markThe principle that two mutually opposing forces present at the same time inhibit the weaker force is called the principle of ______.
(A) cognitive restructuring(B) reciprocal inhibition(C) catharsis(D) self-actualisation - 1 mark‘Logos’ is the Greek word for soul, so Victor Frankl’s therapy, ______, literally means ‘treatment for the soul’.
(A) Logotherapy(B) Gestalt Therapy(C) Client-centred Therapy(D) Rational Emotive Therapy
7 Odd One Out
Odd One Out
- 1 markWhich one of these is NOT a behavioural technique named in this chapter?
(A) Token economy(B) Aversive conditioning(C) Cognitive restructuring(D) Differential reinforcement
8 Passage-Based Questions
Passage-Based Questions
Passage
A young man has acquired the habit of smoking and seeks help to get rid of it. Behavioural analysis, conducted by interviewing him and his family, reveals that he started smoking while preparing for his annual examination, and that he reported relief from anxiety upon smoking.
- 1 markBased on the passage, what is the malfunctioning behaviour, and what is the maintaining factor for it?
(A) Smoking is the malfunctioning behaviour; the relief from anxiety it provides is the maintaining factor(B) Smoking is the malfunctioning behaviour; his annual exam is the maintaining factor(C) Anxiety is the malfunctioning behaviour; his family is the maintaining factor(D) Exam preparation is the malfunctioning behaviour; smoking is the maintaining factor
Passage
A client was neglected by his parents as a child and develops the core schema ‘I am not wanted’. Years later, he is publicly ridiculed by a teacher in school. This critical incident triggers the core schema, leading to negative automatic thoughts such as ‘nobody loves me’ and ‘I am stupid’.
- 1 markBased on the passage, what critical incident triggers the client’s core schema?
(A) Moving to a new city(B) Being praised by his parents(C) Passing an important examination(D) Being publicly ridiculed by a teacher at school
9 True / False
True / False
- 1 markConsider the following statements about behaviour therapy and existential therapy:
(A) Behaviour therapy locates the cause of a problem in faulty learning of behaviours and cognitions.
(B) Existential therapy locates the cause of a problem in questions about the meaning of one’s life and existence.
(C) Behaviour therapy and existential therapy both assume that the therapist is capable of arriving at solutions to the client’s problems.
Which of these statements is/are true?
(A) Only (C) is true(B) Only (A) and (B) are true(C) All three statements (A), (B) and (C) are true(D) Only (A) is true - 1 markConsider the following statements about alternative therapies:
(A) Sudarshana Kriya Yoga (SKY) involves rapid breathing techniques that induce hyperventilation.
(B) NIMHANS research has shown that SKY reduces depression.
(C) Vipasana meditation requires a fixed object or mantra to focus attention on at all times.
Which of these statements is/are true?
(A) Only (A) and (B) are true(B) All three (A), (B) and (C) are true(C) Only (A) is true(D) Only (B) and (C) are true
Answer Key and Explanations
Direct Questions
- (C) The chapter’s own opening definition: psychotherapy is a voluntary relationship between the one seeking treatment and the one who treats, aimed at solving the client’s psychological problems.
- (B) The chapter distinguishes empathy (understanding AND feeling like the other) from sympathy (compassion/pity without feeling like the other) and from cold intellectual understanding (no feeling at all).
- (A) The chapter’s worked example formulates this exact case as lack of assertiveness skills and heightened anxiety, which become the target areas for treatment.
- (C) The chapter names Wolpe as the one who introduced systematic desensitisation.
- (D) RET’s first step is the Antecedent-Belief-Consequence (ABC) analysis: antecedent events, the irrational belief, and the consequence.
- (A) The chapter’s exact definition: self-actualisation is an innate or inborn force that moves the person to become more complex, balanced and integrated.
Assertion-Reason
- (A) R correctly explains A: because the therapist’s warmth does not depend on what the client says, the client feels secure enough to explore her/his feelings.
- (D) A is false: the client starts with the LEAST anxiety-provoking situation, not the most frightening one. R correctly states how the hierarchy actually works.
Match the Following
- (C) Ellis: RET; Rogers: Client-centred Therapy; Frankl: Logotherapy; Perls: Gestalt Therapy.
- (A) Token economy: tokens exchanged for a reward. Aversive conditioning: shock + alcohol smell. Differential reinforcement: reinforce wanted behaviour and ignore unwanted behaviour (cinema example). Positive reinforcement: favourite dish for homework.
- (B) Catharsis: emotional unburdening. Core schema: childhood belief/action-pattern system. Reciprocal inhibition: opposing forces, weaker inhibited. Cognitive restructuring: changing dysfunctional structures.
Statement-Based Questions
- (A) Statement I is true. Statement II is false: sympathy is compassion and pity, but the chapter says a sympathetic person cannot actually feel like the other person.
- (B) Statement I is false: the chapter explicitly says symptom reduction MAY NOT be associated with quality-of-life improvement in severe disorders like schizophrenia. Statement II is true.
Arrange in the Correct Order
- (A) The chapter’s order: psychodynamic therapy first, behaviour therapy second, existential therapy (‘the third force’) last.
Fill in the Blanks
- (B) This is the chapter’s own name for the principle underlying systematic desensitisation.
- (A) The chapter explains that Logos = soul in Greek, so Logotherapy means treatment for the soul.
Odd One Out
- (C) Token economy, aversive conditioning and differential reinforcement are all behavioural techniques; cognitive restructuring belongs to cognitive therapy, not behaviour therapy.
Passage-Based Questions
- (A) Smoking is the malfunctioning behaviour. The relief from anxiety he gets from smoking is what maintains (keeps going) the behaviour.
- (D) The passage states the critical incident is being publicly ridiculed by a teacher in school.
True / False
- (B) (A) and (B) correctly state each therapy’s view of the cause of the problem. (C) is false: the book says the psychodynamic and behaviour therapies make this assumption, but existential therapy does not; there the therapist merely provides a warm, empathic relationship and the client arrives at the solution through personal growth.
- (A) (A) and (B) are true as the chapter states. (C) is false: Vipasana/mindfulness-based meditation has NO fixed object or thought; the person passively observes whatever sensations and thoughts arise.
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